Ownership and Funding

Ownership concepts:

• Public Service broadcasting (PSB) - This refers to the television that are simply broadcast for the viewers benefit rather than a commercial and money making benefit. This includes programmes such as the BBC, because they don't use advertising and therefor only make money from the programmes they show and how popular they are. 

• Commercial broadcasting - This is the airing of a television or radio programme by privately kept corporate media, this objects to an idea of a state sponsorship. An example of this would be Channel 4 as between and during it's programmes, it airs adverts and sponsors to help gain themselves money.

• Corporate and Private ownership - This means that it is owned by one company alone and that company runs itself and is in charge of what it does; it has no outside help or a desire to join with any other company. Therefor it is held responsible for anything it does or doesn't do. A good example of this would be 20th Century Fox.

• Global Companies - Companies around the world that choose to trade with each other or internationally. This is because they normally have the same idea but they are different variations of a certain project, they are made differently so that they will fit in globally with the different markets. A good example of this would be Disney because it is spread all over the world.

• Vertical integration - This is a many step process in the production and/or the distribution of a
  project and/or service which is only controlled by a single company. This will increase the companies strength in the marketplace. The integration takes place during a different stage in the chain of production. This means that one business with join with another to make it stronger.

• Horizontal integration - This is the integration of the two different businesses takes will take place at the same section during the chain of production.

Funding types:

• The Licence Fee - This pays for the television channels you want as well as new and exciting ways to introduce things to it's audience. This also funds BBC programmes. This also includes paying for the broadband for the UK population and funding Welsh language TV channels. Paying the fee also allows for the BBC to keep running without adverts and they remain interdependent. 

• Subscription - This is a plan in where you pay in advance or make regular ongoing payments of the service/item you signed up to receive. A good example of this would be Amazon Prime, as you have to subscribe to watch/get the films and have permission to watch them online. Also this accounts for extra offers and perks you get with the subscription.

• One-off payment to own product - This means that you pay for a product you want, and after you have made a full payment once, you then own it. The product is now yours and there is no need to pay anything else. An example of this would be when you perchance and download a film of iTunes; this means that you have it forever.

• Pay per view - This means that every time the product is viewed, the viewer must pay a certain amount of money to watch that specific video or programme. An example would be DIRECTV that allows for streaming of videos and or sports matches that aren't aired on the television, For a certain price each time.

• Sponsorship - This means there is an amount of money that supports a television programme, radio programme, website, events etc. This is a form of advertising as these products sponsor certain things; this results in them getting money every time the programme is on.

• Advertising - This is used to sell or promote to the public audience, businesses, services or products, using many different forms of media. This includes; Television, Radio, Billboards, Magazines, Newspapers etc. Example of a television Advert: (this will appear during and/or between programmes to help promote the item etc. to the audience). Every time the advert is broadcast on a TV channel the company is given money from the TV licencing company's.

• Product placement - This means that a product or a service is shown in a television show or a film. This gains the specific product publicity and makes it more appealing and popular. An example of product placement would be from TED where he is eating a packet of Doritos. The Doritos company paid the production so that their product could be advertised within the film itself.

• Private capital - This can be either a private person or a private company that is separate from the government. An example of this would be FaceBook.

• Crowd-funding - This involves using a large number of people from online or through organizations, to help raise a small sum of money to help with a media project. This is often used by first time media makers to help get them started and pay for their expenses. This includes websites such as Kickstarter.com.

An example from Kickstarter.com would be a successful project called: "Finding Viivian Maier" which is a feature length documentary film. The project ended up with 1,495 backers and $105,042 was donated to help create this project. The film got an Oscar nomination, was sold as a DVD and was featured in many film festivals.

• Development funds - This means to develop the quality, range and ambition of a media project, that is created in the UK. Doing this helps advance a talent-driven home for writers, directors and producers. An example of this would be BFI. The BFI film academy helps many young students and begining filmmakers to make their own funded films an example of a short, student made film would be "Blame" that was produced by BFI students.